Dr. Ziad Nahas describes a ground-breaking treatment for severe, treatment resistant depression. In a study funded by NARSAD, Dr. Nahas and his colleagues implanted four small 'paddles' directly on the dural layer of the cortical brain surface, and over a period of seven months applied intermittent electrical stimulation through wires implanted beneath the skin connected to batteries. Four of the five patients had significant improvement in their symptoms of depression.