Memory is probably the function that is most frequently cited as being affected by MS. This may be true for a couple of reasons: memory is crucial to almost everything we do; and memory lapses are easy to spot because they involve discrete bits of information and minor disasters like missed appointments. Memory is a catch-all term that encompasses many processes such as learning information (e.g., studying for an exam) and retrieving information (e.g., taking an exam). MS can affect almost any part of the memory process. As a result, people with MS-related memory loss may need to spend more time learning new material if they want to retain and eventually recall it when needed.